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PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT

hi friends,,,
let's get together to learn about Preposition IN,ON,AND AT yuk...


Preposition of Time : at, in, on

We use :

at for a PRECISE TIME
in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
on for DAYS and DATESat in on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:
I have a meeting at 9am.
The shop closes at midnight.
Jane went home at lunchtime.
In England, it often snows in December.
Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
Do you work on Mondays?
Her birthday is on 20 November.
Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.


Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening


When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
I went to London last June. (not in last June)
He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Preposition of Place : at, in, on

In general, we use :
at for a POINT
in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
on for a SURFACEat in on
POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE
at the corner in the garden on the wall
at the bus stop in London on the ceiling
at the door in France on the door
at the top of the page in a box on the cover
at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor
at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet
at the crossroads in a building on the menu
at the front desk in a car on a page


Look at these examples:
Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
The shop is at the end of the street.
My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
When will you arrive at the office?
Do you work in an office?
I have a meeting in New York.
Do you live in Japan?
Jupiter is in the Solar System.
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
There are no prices on this menu.
You are standing on my foot.
There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:at in on
at home in a car on a bus
at work in a taxi on a train
at school in a helicopter on a plane
at university in a boat on a ship
at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television
at the side in a row on the left, on the right
at reception in Oxford Street on the way readmore...

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

hi guys..
if you already know what it is Vocabulary Around The House...?

Vocabulary around the house is an situation when we use english for everday in our hole life and we spelled the grammar well. Begin in our daily life at home e.g. with our parents,friends,bro,sister,grandpa,grandma,or maybe with your teachers? then, your neighboor,your lab partner,etc. I don't know how to explain it well, but i would share to you about something I know or just give you an idea for the bassicly english. make your head stay cool."
Things you may find around the house
* Light bulb(s)
* Plug(s)
* Socket(s)
* Torch(es)
* Ceiling light(s)
* Lamp(s)
* Curtain(s)
* Shelf (shelves)
* Telephone(s)
* Box(es)
* Plug(s)
* Battery (batteries)
* Photo(graph)(s)



Rooms
* Living Room
* Settee(s)
* Armchair(s)
* Coffee table(s)
* Display cabinet(s)
* Hifi stand(s)
* TV cabinet(s)
* Television(s) / tv(s)
* Hifi(s)
* Speaker(s)
* Cushion(s)
* Rug(s)



Things we do in the Living Room
* People watch TV in the living room.
* People sit and read a book in the living room.
* People listen to music in the living room.

Bedroom
* Bed(s)
* Bedside cabinet(s)
* Bedside table(s)
* Dressing table(s)
* Wardrobe(s)
* Chest of drawer(s)
* Brush(es)
* Comb(s)
* Hair dryer(s)
* Pillow(s)
* Sheet(s)
* Clothes

Things we do in the Bed Room
* People listen to music in the bedroom.
* People sleep in the bedroom.
* People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.

Kitchen
* Table(s)
* Chair(s)
* Bin(s)
* Cooker(s) / oven(s)
* Microwave (oven)(s)
* fridge(s)
* dishwasher(s)
* Tap(s)
* Coffee maker(s)
* Food mixer(s)
* Coffee maker(s)
* Food mixer(s)
* Liquidizer(s)
* Saucepan(s)
* Frying pan(s)
* sieve(s)
* Kettle(s)
* teapot(s)

Things we do in the Kitchen
* People prepare food in the kitchen.
* People cook in the kitchen.
* People sometimes eat in the kitchen.
* People make coffee or tea in the kitchen.
* People put the food away in the kitchen cupboards.

Bathroom
* Chair(s)
* Basin(s)
* Bath(s)
* Toilet(s)
* Toilet roll(s)
* Toilet brush(es)
* hairdryer (hairdryers)
* toothbrush(es)
* Shaving foam razor(s)
* Toilet seat(s)

Things we do in the Bed Room
* People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.
* People have a shave in the bathroom.
* People brush their teeth in the bathroom.
* People take a shower in the bathroom.
* People have a bath in the bathroom.

Other Rooms:
Attic : People store things in the attic.
Ballroom : A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room : A small room used for storage.
Cellar : Underneath the house.
Cloakroom : A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory : A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room : A room where people eat.
Drawing Room : A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room : A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall : The entrance passage to a house.
Larder : A small room used for the storage of food.
Library : A room where books are kept.
Lounge : Another name for living room.
Music Room : A room where people play music.
Office : A room where people work.
Pantry : A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlor : Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room : Another name for living room.
Guest Room : A room where guests sleep.
Toilet : A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room : A room where appliances such as washing machines are used. readmore...

PASSIVE VOICE

I'll tell ya what it is Passive Voice...

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence.
Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.


In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense - Subject - Verb - Object
Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense - Subject - Verb - Object
Present Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject - Verb - Object 1 - Object 2
Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.


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ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT

nih aku kasih tahu apa itu Asking If Someone Remember Or Not...

Formal expressions
I wonder if you remember ….
You remember ...., don’t you?
You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
Don’t you remember ....?
Do you happen to remember it now?Ways to respond
Let me think, yes, I remember.
I remember especially the scenery.
I’ll never forget that.
I’ll always remember.
I can remember it clearly



Informal expressions
Remember the old house we used to live in?
Remember that?
I’m sorry, I don’t remember.
Ways to respond
Hold on. Yes, got it!
I know ….
It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:
Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
I’m afraid I forget.
I really can’t remember.
I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Sorry, it slipped off my mind. readmore...

OFFERING

Bareng-bareng fahami Offering yuu....

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Putri : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rani?
Mrs. Rani : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Putri : Thank you. I’m glad you like it. Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice readmore...

SIMPLE FUTURE

nihh aku beri materi Simple Future...

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:

* You will help him later.
* Will you help him later?
* You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:

* You are going to meet Jane tonight.
* Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
* You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:

* I will send you the information when I get it.
* I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
* Will you help me move this heavy table?
* Will you make dinner?
* I will not do your homework for you.
* I won't do all the housework myself!
* A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
* A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
* A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:

* I will call you when I arrive.
* If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
* I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
* Don't worry, I'll be careful.
* I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:

* He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
* She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
* A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
* I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
* Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
* They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
* Who are you going to invite to the party?
* A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:

* The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
* The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

* John Smith will be the next President.
* John Smith is going to be the next President.

* The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
* The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:

* When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
* When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:

* You will never help him.
* Will you ever help him?

* You are never going to meet Jane.
* Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:

* John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
* The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive

* Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
* A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
readmore...

NOUN PHRASE

apa itu Noun Phrase...?

Noun phrase are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, compelemnts, or determiners. Example :
The most beautiful ring
The greatest King
An ugly cat
A lovely jacket
The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its situational.
The premodification, which comprises all modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

The structure of Noun Phrase:
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun
Noun phrase : noun + post-modifier
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun + post-modifier readmore...

FINITE VERB

belajar Finite Verb yuu...

Definition:
Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence. For example

* I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
* (to) walk is an infinitive.
* I lived in Germany.
* "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

Examples

* The truck demolished the restaurant.
* The leaves were yellow and sickly.
readmore...

NEWS ITEM

bareng-bareng yuu kita pelajari News Item...
biar kita tau apa itu News Item... lanjut...

News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important - Generic Structure
* Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
*Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
* Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences readmore...

INTRODUCTORY IT

Lanjut chuy...kita fahami Introductory It...

A To understand this lesson is easy.

B It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
When the subject is a clause :
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
Introductory it as an object :
Do you think it dangerous to drive when the way is slippery?
Introductory it in question
Who was it that broke the window? readmore...

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

nih loh Descriptive Text...di baca ya...

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:
▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics. Example of Descriptive Text:
Natural Bridge National Park

Natural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.

Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted. readmore...

MODALS IN THE FORM

yu kita baca Modals In The Form...

Modals in the past form

Modals: -present : can, will, shall, may
-pass : could, would, should, might
1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:
Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.


ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.


Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

very well and faster.


ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?


2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.


ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.


ô to express polite requests

Example:

Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.


Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

3. Should + Verb base

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example:

Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight.

You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.


Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.


ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example:

David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.


ô To express polite requests

Example:

Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and

I don’t know when he’ll return it. readmore...

NARRATIVE TEXT

met datang di Narrative Text... :)

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution. Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution


Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written. Example of narrative text :

Rapunzel

A long time ago there lived a young couple, a man and his wife, his wife was expecting their baby. She wanted a plant that only grew in her neighbor's garden, she wanted it so much. She even intended to steal it herself, but later on, she sent her husband to steal it.

Unfortunately, mother Gothel, the owner of the garden, caught him doing it. She was a witch. Then, mother Gothel forced the couple to give their first baby to her.

A few months later, the baby was born. It was a girl and named Rapunzel. Soon, this baby was taken away to live with mother Gothel. Rapunzel grew to be a beautiful young girl with her long golden hair. At first she was cared for in a normal way. When she reached puberty, she was locked in the forest. It could only be entered by climbing on Rapunzel's long hair. To cheer herself up, she loved to sing.

One day, a young prince was out hunting. He stumbled upon the tower. He heard Rapunzel's beautiful voice. He decided that he must meet her. He spied and, by watching Mother Gothel, learned the words he has to say to have Rapunzel drop her hair. The Prince visited her often and the two fell in love.

Then, Rapunzel; made a plan to escape from the tower. She wanted to be with the prince. She asked the prince to bring her a skein of silk each time he visited. She might weave a ladder for her escape. Unfortunately, Mother Gothel caught on Then, she banished Rapunzel to the desert. She prince blind and he marred the earth searching for his love.

Eventually, they found each other, and prince's eyes were healed by Rapunzel's tears of happiness. readmore...

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

belajar-belajar...

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word. For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are:

Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object.

Father warned me not to drive fast.

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.


In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech


Indirect speech

Now

Today/tonight

Yesterday

Tomorrow

Last week

Next week

Ago


Then

That day/that night

The day before/the previous day

The next/following day

The previous week

The following week/the week after

Before

This/these

Here

Pronouns


That/those

There

They change according to the context readmore...

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

yuu kita cari informasi... :)

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for.. These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about... readmore...

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

psssttt...jangan ribut kita belajar Invitation...

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something. -Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
-Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.Example
- Extending (mengundang)
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleset come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting (menerima)
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining (menolak)/refusing:
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
- (If you declining an invitation, please give a reason) readmore...

SURPRISE AND DISBELIEFS

tau ga Suprise And Disbeliefs apa...?
mau tau...yuu kita simak...

Surprises or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/ say when know/ hear/ see something that rather difficult to believe. * To express surprise :
- What a surprise !
- That's a surprise !
- (Well), that's very surprising !
- Really ?

*Responding to express surprise :
- Yeah !
- It is
- Yup
- Sure

*When you got a surprising fact, you can say :
- Do you know what ?
- Believe it or not ?
- You may not believe it, but...
- Can you believe this ?

Example of exressing surprise :
Nila : Whose motorbike is that ?
Sisy : It's Nicko's
Nila : Are you kidding me ?
Sisy : No. I'm not. I saw he riding that motorbike this morning.
Nila : What a surprise !

*To expressing disbelief :
- I don't believe it
- It can't be true
- I can't think of it
- I don't trust you

Example of expressing disbeliefs :
Dewi : Do you know ? You get the best score at English test!
Pamela : What ? I don't believe that.
Dewi : This is fact !
Pamela : Woow! That's very surprise !

readmore...

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

mari kita lanjut ke Gratitude, Compliment, And Congratulation...

We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.

Expressing gratitude:
- I should like to express my gratitude

- Thank you very much

- Thanks for your help

- How can I thank you? Gratitude is also called thanking.



-I’m very grateful to you -I can’t thank you enough
-I’m very much obliged to you.

Responding:
- It was the least I could do
- You’re welcome
- No big deal
- Don’t mention it
- It’s a pleasure
- That’s all right
- Any time


Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
- Good grade!
- Nice work
- Excellent!
- Good job!
- You look great
- What a nice t-shirt
- I really must express my admiration for your dance
- You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)


Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
- I must congratulate you
- Please accept my warmest congratulations
- I’d like to be first to congratulate you
- Congratulations on your success
- Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true! readmore...

SEMESTER II

1. Gratitude,Compliment, and Congratulation
2. Suprises , and Disbeliefs
3. Invitation (Written)
4. Asking For Information
5. Narrative Text
6. Modals In The Form
7. Direct and Indirect Speech
8. Descriptive Text
9. Introductory It
10. News Item
11. Finite Verb
12. Noun Phrases
13. Simple Future
14. Offering
15. Asking If Someone Remembers or Not
16. Passive Voice
17. Vocabulary Around The House
18. Preposition In, On, and At.
readmore...

16. ADVERTISEMENT

*Definition
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
*Function of advertisement
- promotion
- communication
- information

*In making advertisement, keep the following points:
- Using the correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
- Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals

*Content of advertisement
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not allude group or other producer

*Kinds of advertisement
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Sponsored advertisement
- Request advertisement
- News advertisement

*Media of advertisement
- By television
- By radio
- Billboard
- Leaflet
- Pamflet readmore...

15. PERFECT TENSE

* Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action's effect an the present.

- Pattern I : S + have/has + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + have/has + V3 + O/Adv
* Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense is used to describe an action or an event that start in a certain time in the post and completed or finished fill certain time in tehe past too, or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

- Pattern : S + had + V3 + Complement

* Present Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time in the future.

- Pattern I : S (except I) + will/shall + have + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + will/shall + have + V3 + O/Adv

* Past Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.

- Pattern I : S + would/should + have + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + would/should + have +V3 + Complement readmore...

14. VOCABS : Shapes, Parts and Body

1. Shapes
Shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.
This is example of shapes

2. Parts of body
This is example of parts of body readmore...

13. GREETING

Definition : Greetings is a very common expression s to say that we meet people or we want to be nice with them. Formal Greetings
- Good morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
- Good afternoon (12-6 p.m)
- Good evening (until about 9 p.m)
- Good morning Sir, Ma'am,

Notes : Do not use "Good Bye" except in Australia.

Informal Greetings
- Hi, Shanty !
- Morning, Tom !
- Hello..

Initial Greetings
- How are you ? I'm fine thank you.
- How's it doing ?
- How are you doing ?
- How's life ?

Responding to initial greetings
- Very well, thank you. And you ?
- I'm good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thanks
- Fine, thanks
- Excellent readmore...

12. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Definition : The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.
Pattern
*Nominal
( + ) S + tobe + complement
( - ) S + tobe + not + complement
( ? ) Tobe + S + complement ?

*When using word question (W/H question such as what, who, why, when, where, which, how)
We simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentences and followed by the form of
question pattern above.
Example
Why is she angry ?
w/h + tobe + S + complement ?

*Verbal
( + ) S + V1 + s/es + O/C / adv
( - ) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C / adv
( ? ) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C / adv ? readmore...

11. PAST TENSE

Simple past tense is used to indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.

The formula of Simple Past Tense :
a. Without Verb :
(+) S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment
(-) S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment
(?) To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I was at home last night
(-) I was not at home last night
(?) Was I at home last night?
b. With Verb :
(+) S + V2 + Compliment
(-) S + did + not + V1 + Compliment
(?) Did + S + V1 + Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I called him last night.
(-) I did not call him last night.
(?) Did I call him last night?

Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :
¯ Yesterday
¯ Yesterday afternoon
¯ Last night
¯ Last month
¯ Last week
¯ Last year
¯ An hour ago
¯ In 1994 readmore...

10. PROCEDURE TEXT

Definition
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. I t explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.The generic structure of procedure text are :

* Goal/aim (or title)
* Materials (not required for all procedure text)
* Steps (the action that must be taken)Example of procedure text
Goal : How to make friedrice

Ingredients :
- a plate of rice
- 2 tablespoon oil
- 1 tablespoon soybean sauce
- 1 egg
- 5 shallots
- 2 cloves of garlic
- some salt and pepper

Equipments :
- a knife
- a frying pan
- a spatula
- a plate

Steps
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate. readmore...

9. NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition
Narrative text is a text to entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion.

The Generic Structure :
a. Orientation : Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
b. Complication : A crisis arises.
c. Resolution : The crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
d. Re-orientation : (optional)

The Typical Elements :
a. Setting : When and where the story occurs.
b. Characters : The most important people or characters in the story.
c. Initiating Event : An action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal.
d. Conflict : The focal point around which the whole story is organized.
e. Events : One or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem.
f. Resolution : The outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem.
g. Theme : The main idea or moral of the story.

The Characteristics of Narrative Text :
a. Using the Simple Past Tense.
b. It’s started with adverb, such as long time ago, once upon a time, in a faraway land, etc.
c. Using the conjunctions, such as then, after, that, before, etc.

The example of narrative text
Putri Kemuning

Putri Kemuning and her mother lived in a jungle. They were poor. Putri Kemuning helped her mother collect woods in the jungle and sell them to the market.

In the jungle, Putri Kemuning had animal friends. One day, Putri Kemuning's mother was very ill. Putri Kemuning was very sad because she did not have enough money to buy medicine. She then collected many woods and plans to sell them. She wanted to spend the money to buy medicine.

While She was collecting the woods, Putri Kemuning met her animal friend, the rabbit. He was worried because Putri Kemuning looked very sad. Putri Kemuning told the problem to the rabbit. "I can help you. Take this ring and then sell it," says the rabbit. "Is this your ring?" asked Putri Kemuning. "No. This is the King Ngarancang Kencono's ring. It fell when he was hunting here." Putri Kemuning hesitated. She really needed the money but it was not her ring. Finally she said, "No, I have to return this ring to the king."

Putri Kemuning then went to see the king at his palace. "What is your name and what is your purpose here?" said the king. "My name is Putri Kemuning. I want to return your ring," said Putri Kemuning. "Thank you very much. Now, I want to give you something. What do you want?" "I don't anything. I just want to go home. My mother is very ill," replied Putri Kemuning. "You are a very kind girl. Now, take this gift," said the king.

Putri Kemuning went home. When she arrived, Putri Kemuning told her mother about the king's ring. Her mother was very proud of her. When they opened the gift, they saw a bag full of gold coins. They were very happy because they can buy medicine. readmore...

8. RECOUNT TEXT

Definition
Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing of entertaining.
The generic structure of recount text are :

* Orientation (it gives the reader the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
* Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
* Re-orientation (restates the writer's opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incedent)

The significant lexicogrammatical features :

* Use of simple past tense
* Use of temporal conjunction (when, after, before, next, later, then)
* Use of personal pronouns (I,we) and nouns
* Use of adverbs (place, manner, time)

The example of recount text :
A Tour to The Botanic Garden

On Thursday 24 April, Year Eight students went to the Botanic Gardens. We walked down and got into the bus.

After we arrived at the gardens, we walked down to the Education Centre. We went to have a look around. First we went to the Orchid Farm and Mrs. Rita read us some of the information. Then we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot in the Botanic Gardens and had morning tea.Next we took some pictures and then we went back to the Education Centre to have lunch. After that we went for a walk.

A lady took us around and introduced herself, then she explained what we were going to do. Next she took us in to the green house. It was most interesting.After we had finished we went back outside. Finally we got into the bus and returned to school. We were tired but happy. readmore...

7. ANNOUNCEMENTS

Definition
Announcement is something said, written or printed to make know that has happened or (more often) what will happen.
- In writing announcements, keep the following points:

* The title/type of event
* Date, time, place and
* Contact person

- We can find the announcement in television, radio, newspaper, wall magazine in school, etc..
Periksa Ejaan
- Characteristic or announcements:

* Use simple present tense or future tense often enticement

- The example of announcement

Comitte School Trip To Golden Sands Beach
On 28 of august, there will be a school trip to dolden sands beach.
Depature time : 07.30 a.m
Programs : swimming, games, volleyball and lunch in the sea view restaurant.
Afternoon : walk along the beach to the lagoon and watch the boat festival.
Fee : Rp. 50, 000.00
Contact person : Chika, Steve
Chair Person
readmore...

6. GIVING INSTRUCTIONS

Definition
Giving intruction is an expression taht is used in other person does what we instruct or request 1) We used verbs as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to (V1)
Example

* sit down !
* cover your food !
* eat your meal !
* wash your hand !
* sweep the floor !
* clean the room !

2) We use the word dont + V1
Example

* don't climb
* don't let them in
* don't do it
* don't be a fool
* don't be a bad boy
* don't touch me

3) We use be + adjective, or noun, or adverb
Example

* be carefull !
* be happy !
* be a good student : noun
* be yourself
* be there
* be on time

4) We use the word "please" at the beginning/at the end of an intruction to make it sounds more polite.
Example

* sit down, please
* please don't do that readmore...

5. SYMPATY EXPRESSION

Definition
Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern of carefullness on other people's condition. Showing sympathy

* I'm sorryfor what's happened
* Oh you, poor little thing
* Look ! This not the end of the world
* (oh, dear) I am sorry (to hear that)
* That's a pity/shame
* You must be very upset
* Oh, no!
* I know how it feels !

The example about sympathy expression :

Kissa : Sherly, are you okay ?
Sherly : Oh, no Kissa ! Now, I don't have father !Why must my father ?
Kissa : Oh. .I'm sorry to hear that. But, this not the end of the world. You must be strong!
Sherly : Thank you, Kissa. You are my best friend! readmore...

4. GAINING ATTENTION

Definition
Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want to.

How to gaining attention ?

* Attention, please !
* Excuse me
* Look here * Listen to me, please
* Waiter ?
* Wow, really ?
* I'm listening

How to showing attention ?

* Look at you !
* How beautifull !
* What's the matter ?
* Is everything, all right ?
* Oh really ? Is it true ? * Oh my god ! What happens ?
* Wow..really ?That's incredibble !

The axample about gaining attention :
Teacher : Attention please ! Next week we will have a test ! So, you must study to get a good score !
Students : OK, sir ! readmore...

3. HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Definition
Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.
What would you say to express your happiness ?

* I'm happy
* Fantastic !
* I'm so glad to hear that
* I can't show how pleased/ delighted Iam about it
* Great ! * Wonderfull !
* Terrific !
* I'm (very) pleased /(really) delighted (about)...

Example dioalogs about happiness expression :
Mother : Ella, why you don't eat now ? I've cooked your favourite food, chicken curry.
Rizka : Oh..have you ? Great mom !Thank you. I haven't eaten it for a long time. readmore...

2. APPOINTMENT

- Appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It's good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.

- Making appointment is a kind of expression which is used to conduct promise. - How to make an appointment ?

* I'd like to make an appointment with... (you/name)
* I want to an appointment to see... (Abdul)
* I'd like to make an appoitment to see.. (Dzainal)
* I'd like you to come and see me.
* Can I come and see you ?
* I'll be there
* What about... (sunday)

- How to accepting an appointment ?

* All right, see you there
* No problem. I'm free on... (sunday)
* Be there on time
* I'll wait for you there
* It's a deal

- How to cancelling an appointment ?

* I'm sorry. I'm very busy.
* I'm terrible sorry, I have to put off my appointment
* I'm afraid I have to postpone my appointment with... (Robert) tomorrow morning.

- How to changing an appointment ?

* What about... (Friday 4 p.m ?)
* Is that OK. If we meet at 10 tomorrow morning ?
* Do you have another time this afternoon ?
* Could we change the day (time) of the meeting ?
* Would you mind if we change the day (time) of the meeting ?

readmore...

1. INVITATION

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.Example
- Extending (mengundang)
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleset come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting (menerima)
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining (menolak)/refusing:
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
- (If you declining an invitation, please give a reason)

EXAMPLE :

readmore...