DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

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Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word. For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are:

Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object.

Father warned me not to drive fast.

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.


In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech


Indirect speech

Now

Today/tonight

Yesterday

Tomorrow

Last week

Next week

Ago


Then

That day/that night

The day before/the previous day

The next/following day

The previous week

The following week/the week after

Before

This/these

Here

Pronouns


That/those

There

They change according to the context readmore...

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

yuu kita cari informasi... :)

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for.. These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about... readmore...

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

psssttt...jangan ribut kita belajar Invitation...

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something. -Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
-Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.Example
- Extending (mengundang)
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleset come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting (menerima)
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining (menolak)/refusing:
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
- (If you declining an invitation, please give a reason) readmore...

SURPRISE AND DISBELIEFS

tau ga Suprise And Disbeliefs apa...?
mau tau...yuu kita simak...

Surprises or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/ say when know/ hear/ see something that rather difficult to believe. * To express surprise :
- What a surprise !
- That's a surprise !
- (Well), that's very surprising !
- Really ?

*Responding to express surprise :
- Yeah !
- It is
- Yup
- Sure

*When you got a surprising fact, you can say :
- Do you know what ?
- Believe it or not ?
- You may not believe it, but...
- Can you believe this ?

Example of exressing surprise :
Nila : Whose motorbike is that ?
Sisy : It's Nicko's
Nila : Are you kidding me ?
Sisy : No. I'm not. I saw he riding that motorbike this morning.
Nila : What a surprise !

*To expressing disbelief :
- I don't believe it
- It can't be true
- I can't think of it
- I don't trust you

Example of expressing disbeliefs :
Dewi : Do you know ? You get the best score at English test!
Pamela : What ? I don't believe that.
Dewi : This is fact !
Pamela : Woow! That's very surprise !

readmore...

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

mari kita lanjut ke Gratitude, Compliment, And Congratulation...

We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.

Expressing gratitude:
- I should like to express my gratitude

- Thank you very much

- Thanks for your help

- How can I thank you? Gratitude is also called thanking.



-I’m very grateful to you -I can’t thank you enough
-I’m very much obliged to you.

Responding:
- It was the least I could do
- You’re welcome
- No big deal
- Don’t mention it
- It’s a pleasure
- That’s all right
- Any time


Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
- Good grade!
- Nice work
- Excellent!
- Good job!
- You look great
- What a nice t-shirt
- I really must express my admiration for your dance
- You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)


Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
- I must congratulate you
- Please accept my warmest congratulations
- I’d like to be first to congratulate you
- Congratulations on your success
- Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true! readmore...

SEMESTER II

1. Gratitude,Compliment, and Congratulation
2. Suprises , and Disbeliefs
3. Invitation (Written)
4. Asking For Information
5. Narrative Text
6. Modals In The Form
7. Direct and Indirect Speech
8. Descriptive Text
9. Introductory It
10. News Item
11. Finite Verb
12. Noun Phrases
13. Simple Future
14. Offering
15. Asking If Someone Remembers or Not
16. Passive Voice
17. Vocabulary Around The House
18. Preposition In, On, and At.
readmore...

16. ADVERTISEMENT

*Definition
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
*Function of advertisement
- promotion
- communication
- information

*In making advertisement, keep the following points:
- Using the correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
- Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals

*Content of advertisement
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not allude group or other producer

*Kinds of advertisement
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Sponsored advertisement
- Request advertisement
- News advertisement

*Media of advertisement
- By television
- By radio
- Billboard
- Leaflet
- Pamflet readmore...

15. PERFECT TENSE

* Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action's effect an the present.

- Pattern I : S + have/has + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + have/has + V3 + O/Adv
* Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense is used to describe an action or an event that start in a certain time in the post and completed or finished fill certain time in tehe past too, or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

- Pattern : S + had + V3 + Complement

* Present Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time in the future.

- Pattern I : S (except I) + will/shall + have + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + will/shall + have + V3 + O/Adv

* Past Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.

- Pattern I : S + would/should + have + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + would/should + have +V3 + Complement readmore...

14. VOCABS : Shapes, Parts and Body

1. Shapes
Shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.
This is example of shapes

2. Parts of body
This is example of parts of body readmore...

13. GREETING

Definition : Greetings is a very common expression s to say that we meet people or we want to be nice with them. Formal Greetings
- Good morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
- Good afternoon (12-6 p.m)
- Good evening (until about 9 p.m)
- Good morning Sir, Ma'am,

Notes : Do not use "Good Bye" except in Australia.

Informal Greetings
- Hi, Shanty !
- Morning, Tom !
- Hello..

Initial Greetings
- How are you ? I'm fine thank you.
- How's it doing ?
- How are you doing ?
- How's life ?

Responding to initial greetings
- Very well, thank you. And you ?
- I'm good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thanks
- Fine, thanks
- Excellent readmore...

12. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Definition : The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.
Pattern
*Nominal
( + ) S + tobe + complement
( - ) S + tobe + not + complement
( ? ) Tobe + S + complement ?

*When using word question (W/H question such as what, who, why, when, where, which, how)
We simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentences and followed by the form of
question pattern above.
Example
Why is she angry ?
w/h + tobe + S + complement ?

*Verbal
( + ) S + V1 + s/es + O/C / adv
( - ) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C / adv
( ? ) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C / adv ? readmore...

11. PAST TENSE

Simple past tense is used to indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.

The formula of Simple Past Tense :
a. Without Verb :
(+) S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment
(-) S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment
(?) To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I was at home last night
(-) I was not at home last night
(?) Was I at home last night?
b. With Verb :
(+) S + V2 + Compliment
(-) S + did + not + V1 + Compliment
(?) Did + S + V1 + Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I called him last night.
(-) I did not call him last night.
(?) Did I call him last night?

Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :
¯ Yesterday
¯ Yesterday afternoon
¯ Last night
¯ Last month
¯ Last week
¯ Last year
¯ An hour ago
¯ In 1994 readmore...

10. PROCEDURE TEXT

Definition
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. I t explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.The generic structure of procedure text are :

* Goal/aim (or title)
* Materials (not required for all procedure text)
* Steps (the action that must be taken)Example of procedure text
Goal : How to make friedrice

Ingredients :
- a plate of rice
- 2 tablespoon oil
- 1 tablespoon soybean sauce
- 1 egg
- 5 shallots
- 2 cloves of garlic
- some salt and pepper

Equipments :
- a knife
- a frying pan
- a spatula
- a plate

Steps
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate. readmore...

9. NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition
Narrative text is a text to entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion.

The Generic Structure :
a. Orientation : Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
b. Complication : A crisis arises.
c. Resolution : The crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
d. Re-orientation : (optional)

The Typical Elements :
a. Setting : When and where the story occurs.
b. Characters : The most important people or characters in the story.
c. Initiating Event : An action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal.
d. Conflict : The focal point around which the whole story is organized.
e. Events : One or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem.
f. Resolution : The outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem.
g. Theme : The main idea or moral of the story.

The Characteristics of Narrative Text :
a. Using the Simple Past Tense.
b. It’s started with adverb, such as long time ago, once upon a time, in a faraway land, etc.
c. Using the conjunctions, such as then, after, that, before, etc.

The example of narrative text
Putri Kemuning

Putri Kemuning and her mother lived in a jungle. They were poor. Putri Kemuning helped her mother collect woods in the jungle and sell them to the market.

In the jungle, Putri Kemuning had animal friends. One day, Putri Kemuning's mother was very ill. Putri Kemuning was very sad because she did not have enough money to buy medicine. She then collected many woods and plans to sell them. She wanted to spend the money to buy medicine.

While She was collecting the woods, Putri Kemuning met her animal friend, the rabbit. He was worried because Putri Kemuning looked very sad. Putri Kemuning told the problem to the rabbit. "I can help you. Take this ring and then sell it," says the rabbit. "Is this your ring?" asked Putri Kemuning. "No. This is the King Ngarancang Kencono's ring. It fell when he was hunting here." Putri Kemuning hesitated. She really needed the money but it was not her ring. Finally she said, "No, I have to return this ring to the king."

Putri Kemuning then went to see the king at his palace. "What is your name and what is your purpose here?" said the king. "My name is Putri Kemuning. I want to return your ring," said Putri Kemuning. "Thank you very much. Now, I want to give you something. What do you want?" "I don't anything. I just want to go home. My mother is very ill," replied Putri Kemuning. "You are a very kind girl. Now, take this gift," said the king.

Putri Kemuning went home. When she arrived, Putri Kemuning told her mother about the king's ring. Her mother was very proud of her. When they opened the gift, they saw a bag full of gold coins. They were very happy because they can buy medicine. readmore...

8. RECOUNT TEXT

Definition
Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing of entertaining.
The generic structure of recount text are :

* Orientation (it gives the reader the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
* Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
* Re-orientation (restates the writer's opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incedent)

The significant lexicogrammatical features :

* Use of simple past tense
* Use of temporal conjunction (when, after, before, next, later, then)
* Use of personal pronouns (I,we) and nouns
* Use of adverbs (place, manner, time)

The example of recount text :
A Tour to The Botanic Garden

On Thursday 24 April, Year Eight students went to the Botanic Gardens. We walked down and got into the bus.

After we arrived at the gardens, we walked down to the Education Centre. We went to have a look around. First we went to the Orchid Farm and Mrs. Rita read us some of the information. Then we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot in the Botanic Gardens and had morning tea.Next we took some pictures and then we went back to the Education Centre to have lunch. After that we went for a walk.

A lady took us around and introduced herself, then she explained what we were going to do. Next she took us in to the green house. It was most interesting.After we had finished we went back outside. Finally we got into the bus and returned to school. We were tired but happy. readmore...

7. ANNOUNCEMENTS

Definition
Announcement is something said, written or printed to make know that has happened or (more often) what will happen.
- In writing announcements, keep the following points:

* The title/type of event
* Date, time, place and
* Contact person

- We can find the announcement in television, radio, newspaper, wall magazine in school, etc..
Periksa Ejaan
- Characteristic or announcements:

* Use simple present tense or future tense often enticement

- The example of announcement

Comitte School Trip To Golden Sands Beach
On 28 of august, there will be a school trip to dolden sands beach.
Depature time : 07.30 a.m
Programs : swimming, games, volleyball and lunch in the sea view restaurant.
Afternoon : walk along the beach to the lagoon and watch the boat festival.
Fee : Rp. 50, 000.00
Contact person : Chika, Steve
Chair Person
readmore...

6. GIVING INSTRUCTIONS

Definition
Giving intruction is an expression taht is used in other person does what we instruct or request 1) We used verbs as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to (V1)
Example

* sit down !
* cover your food !
* eat your meal !
* wash your hand !
* sweep the floor !
* clean the room !

2) We use the word dont + V1
Example

* don't climb
* don't let them in
* don't do it
* don't be a fool
* don't be a bad boy
* don't touch me

3) We use be + adjective, or noun, or adverb
Example

* be carefull !
* be happy !
* be a good student : noun
* be yourself
* be there
* be on time

4) We use the word "please" at the beginning/at the end of an intruction to make it sounds more polite.
Example

* sit down, please
* please don't do that readmore...

5. SYMPATY EXPRESSION

Definition
Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern of carefullness on other people's condition. Showing sympathy

* I'm sorryfor what's happened
* Oh you, poor little thing
* Look ! This not the end of the world
* (oh, dear) I am sorry (to hear that)
* That's a pity/shame
* You must be very upset
* Oh, no!
* I know how it feels !

The example about sympathy expression :

Kissa : Sherly, are you okay ?
Sherly : Oh, no Kissa ! Now, I don't have father !Why must my father ?
Kissa : Oh. .I'm sorry to hear that. But, this not the end of the world. You must be strong!
Sherly : Thank you, Kissa. You are my best friend! readmore...

4. GAINING ATTENTION

Definition
Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want to.

How to gaining attention ?

* Attention, please !
* Excuse me
* Look here * Listen to me, please
* Waiter ?
* Wow, really ?
* I'm listening

How to showing attention ?

* Look at you !
* How beautifull !
* What's the matter ?
* Is everything, all right ?
* Oh really ? Is it true ? * Oh my god ! What happens ?
* Wow..really ?That's incredibble !

The axample about gaining attention :
Teacher : Attention please ! Next week we will have a test ! So, you must study to get a good score !
Students : OK, sir ! readmore...

3. HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Definition
Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.
What would you say to express your happiness ?

* I'm happy
* Fantastic !
* I'm so glad to hear that
* I can't show how pleased/ delighted Iam about it
* Great ! * Wonderfull !
* Terrific !
* I'm (very) pleased /(really) delighted (about)...

Example dioalogs about happiness expression :
Mother : Ella, why you don't eat now ? I've cooked your favourite food, chicken curry.
Rizka : Oh..have you ? Great mom !Thank you. I haven't eaten it for a long time. readmore...

2. APPOINTMENT

- Appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It's good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.

- Making appointment is a kind of expression which is used to conduct promise. - How to make an appointment ?

* I'd like to make an appointment with... (you/name)
* I want to an appointment to see... (Abdul)
* I'd like to make an appoitment to see.. (Dzainal)
* I'd like you to come and see me.
* Can I come and see you ?
* I'll be there
* What about... (sunday)

- How to accepting an appointment ?

* All right, see you there
* No problem. I'm free on... (sunday)
* Be there on time
* I'll wait for you there
* It's a deal

- How to cancelling an appointment ?

* I'm sorry. I'm very busy.
* I'm terrible sorry, I have to put off my appointment
* I'm afraid I have to postpone my appointment with... (Robert) tomorrow morning.

- How to changing an appointment ?

* What about... (Friday 4 p.m ?)
* Is that OK. If we meet at 10 tomorrow morning ?
* Do you have another time this afternoon ?
* Could we change the day (time) of the meeting ?
* Would you mind if we change the day (time) of the meeting ?

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1. INVITATION

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.Example
- Extending (mengundang)
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleset come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting (menerima)
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining (menolak)/refusing:
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
- (If you declining an invitation, please give a reason)

EXAMPLE :

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